We’ve covered many of them in detail here.
There are options, such as parts and tricks to make road shifters work with mountain derailleurs, and solutions to modify road derailleurs to work with larger cassette cogs. As we see it, road and gravel 1x drivetrains always seem to fall a bit short, both in range and the fact that they never have enough of a low climbing gear for loaded bikepacking. Over the last two years, we’ve been tinkering and experimenting with all kinds of hacks and Frankenstein mashups to enable a wide-range 1x drivetrain on a drop-bar bike.